The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of Income inequality (II) on happiness inequality (HI) in Iran. For this purpose, the literature was reviewed for the relationship between II and HI including Income marginal happiness descending, Income smoothing theorem and inverted Maslow pyramid of happiness. Then, the factors that affect HI were estimated by means of a threshold regression model during the period of 1973-2014. The estimation results showed that II has a nonlinear and threshold impact on HI. Thus, the Maslow happiness theorem that describes the impact of II on happiness at the top of inverted pyramid was confirmed. In this case, when Gini coefficient is less than 0. 416, in the low II regime, an increase in II has a significant negative impact on HI. This is because of being at the bottom of Maslow pyramid. However, after the threshold point, in the high II regime, an increase in II has a significant positive impact on HI because of moving up the pyramid. Therefore, smoothing Income in a cross cutter or time series decreases the downward slope of Income marginal happiness, which can decrease HI. Based on the results, policymakers are suggested to pay attention to the Gini threshold point of 0. 416 to decrease HI. In addition, when II is higher than the threshold level, they can improve happiness distribution with Income redistribution policies.

In this study having focused on the evaluation of different roles of Income and non-Income factors on promoting happiness in EU countries, it is shown that Income increase can only cause happiness promotion up to a particular critical point which, in its own turn is also decided by non-Income factors. However, when the critical Income point is reached extra increase in Income may lead to Pareto inefficient allocations, and thereupon to people happiness decrease. The main goals of this study are the following: Determining a social comparison rate between Income and happiness in different countries of the European Union and estimating their respective equations of the critical Income level. The pattern under study has been estimated using the non-linear least squared method for the period of 2001 to 2010. The results indicate positive and significant effects of some specific factors such as personal Income, hope, rule of law and political stability and also negative and equally significant effect of some others such as number of patients suffering from HIV, number of people with Incomes lower than 60% of the society average Income on happiness. On the other hand, these results take society s relative Income in to consideration as well. The study s calculation also shows that all of the member countries in the European Union are placed on the upper happiness limit.

marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in Income groups has a great importance in macroeconomic policy making. But due to some restrictions, such as lack of direct data for Income and consumption groups in Iran's statistical yearbooks, estimation of MPC for Income groups has not been done yet. The purpose of this study is to estimate the MPC for Income groups by using the relative permanent Income hypothesis (RPI), introduced in recent economic literature. Also in this research, the effects of Income distribution on MPC of Income groups will be analyzed. To this end, ordinary least square (OLS) method is used during 1982-2006 period. Study results confirm a significant relationship between MPC and RPI. According to estimates, MPC for low, medium and high Income groups is 0/995, 0/84 and 0/7, respectively. Short run estimate of MPC shows that with increase of MPC for one Income group, the MPC for another Income group will decline. Among other result in this study is that in Iran economy, unfair (fair) distribution of Income, will not decrease (increase) consumption enough to increase (decrease) saving to optimal level.

In recent years, economists have paid attention to the relationship between emotions and productivity. Economists investigated the bi-directional effect of emotion and subjective well-being, such as happiness, on different economic variables, such as productivity, health, Income, and so on.In this paper, we try to study the effect of Income on labour force happiness in Iran. For this purpose, we employ data over the period 2000-2005. In addition, because the dependent variable (happiness) is an ordered variable, we use an ordered choice model in a panel data framework to estimate the coefficients of the model. The results show that the Income has a positive and significant effect on labour force happiness in Iran.

Statement of Problem: Nowadays economical issues on high gold alloys have changed the practice of metal-ceramic restorations toward base-metal alloys. Minalux is one of the base-metal alloys produced in Iran. marginal fitness is of high importance to be evaluated in dental alloys.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare the marginal adaptation of two base-metal alloys, Minalux (Mavadkaran Co. Iran) and VeraBond2 (Albadent Co. USA ) during firing cycles of porcelain.Materials and Methods: In an experimental study 24 standard brass dies, with 135 chamfer finishing line were fabricated by Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) milling machine. The samples were randomly divided in two groups, A and B, 12 in each. Following wax-up, the samples were equally cast with two mentioned alloys. In each group, there were 4 controlled samples, which proceeded to firing cycle without veneering porcelain. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements of marginal gap from buccal and lingual aspects were performed after 4 stages of casting, degassing, porcelain application and glazing. The data were analyzed using Four-way ANOVA and multiple comparative tests based on Tukey criteria.Results: The findings of this study revealed that there was no significant difference in the marginal gap of Minalux (31.10±7.8 m) and VeraBond2 (30.27±6.96 m) with confidence level at 0.95 (P=0.43). For both alloys the greatest gap was observed after degassing stage (P<0.05). Porcelain and porcelain veneering proximity caused significant changes in the marginal gap of Minalux castings (P<0.05), however, such changes did not occur in VeraBond2 (P<0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the marginal gaps of two base metal alloys, Minalux and VeraBond2, were proved to be identical and that of the Minalux alloy existed in the range of acceptable clinical application. It was also concluded that Minalux dental alloys could provide proper marginal adaptation.